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Ancient History

EPOCH TWO OF SIX · 3000 BCE – 500 CE

Grain can be stored, and stored grain has to be counted, guarded and taxed. Within a few centuries the same answer appears along the Nile, the Tigris and Euphrates, the Indus and the Yellow River — and further west, Greece and Rome turn the same problem into law, philosophy and empire.

These six civilisations barely knew of one another's existence for most of this span, yet they kept arriving at strikingly similar tools — writing, a calendar, a code of law — to solve strikingly similar problems: how to feed a city, and how to justify who gets to run it.

Ancient Egypt 3100 – 30 BCE Soon Mesopotamia (Sumer, Babylon, Assyria) 3500 – 539 BCE Soon Ancient India 3300 BCE – 550 CE Soon Ancient China 1600 BCE – 220 CE Soon Ancient Greece 800 – 146 BCE Soon Ancient Rome 753 BCE – 476 CE Soon